Commonly Used Head Types for High-Pressure Reactor Equipment and Their Respective Characteristics

　　 High-pressure reactor The commonly used head forms include hemispherical, elliptical, butterfly-shaped, and flat-head types. From the perspective of process operation requirements, there are no special requirements for the head shape used in reaction vessels. However, since flat-head heads exhibit significant edge stresses and flat-plate heads tend to be relatively thick, these two types of heads are not advisable for use in high-pressure reaction vessels.

　　The hemispherical head shares the same advantages as spherical vessels: under the same volume, it has the smallest surface area; and under the same diameter and pressure, it requires the thinnest wall thickness and the lightest weight, making it highly cost-effective in manufacturing. However, due to its great depth, it is difficult to manufacture and thus unsuitable for reactors with medium or low pressures and small volumes.

　　An elliptical head consists of half an ellipsoid and a cylindrical shell of a certain height (also known as the straight-side section). The purpose of this design is to avoid welding seams at the junction between the edge of the ellipsoid and the cylindrical shell, thereby shifting the welds to the cylindrical region and preventing the accumulation of edge stresses. Elliptical heads are relatively simple to manufacture and exhibit better stress distribution than butterfly heads. Consequently, this type of head is often used in reactors—especially those with large volumes.

　　The depth of a butterfly-shaped head can be adjusted by means of the transition radius. However, since the curvature of the generating line of the butterfly-shaped head is discontinuous, local stresses are present, making it less resistant to stress than an elliptical head.

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