Structure and Principle of an Autoclave

　　A piece of equipment used in industry for carrying out chemical reactions under high pressure. Some models are equipped with stirring or heat-transfer devices. It is also known as a pressurized reactor. The reactor lid is fitted with a pressure gauge, a rupture disc safety device, a vapor-liquid phase valve, a temperature sensor, and other components, allowing operators to monitor the reaction conditions inside the reactor at any time, adjust the proportions of the media within the reactor, and ensure safe operation. Concept: A piece of equipment used in industry for carrying out chemical reactions under high pressure. Some models are equipped with stirring or heat-transfer devices. It is also known as a pressurized reactor. Basic Structure and Principle: 1. The reactor body and lid are made of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel. The reactor body is connected to the flange via threads, while the lid is a flat, solid-type cover. The two parts are securely fastened together by evenly distributed main bolts and nuts around the circumference. 2. The main sealing interface of the high-pressure reactor uses a double-seal design of type A. All other sealing points employ linear contact between arc surfaces and flat surfaces, or between arc surfaces themselves. Relying on the high precision and smoothness of the contact surfaces, this design achieves excellent sealing performance. 3. The reactor body is externally fitted with a barrel-shaped silicon carbide heating element. Electric heating wires are threaded through the heating element, with their ends emerging from the lower side of the furnace shell. These ends connect to the controller via wiring studs and rubber-sheathed cables. 4. The reactor lid is equipped with a pressure gauge, a rupture disc safety device, a vapor-liquid phase valve, a temperature sensor, and other components, enabling operators to continuously monitor the reaction conditions inside the reactor, adjust the proportions of the media, and ensure safe operation. 5. The coupling consists mainly of a pair of inner and outer magnetic rings with strong magnetic force, separated by a pressure-bearing spacer. The stirrer is driven by a servo motor through the coupling. By controlling the speed of the servo motor, the stirring speed can be precisely regulated. 6. A speed-measuring coil is mounted on the upper part of the spacer. As the integrated stirrer and inner magnetic ring rotate, the speed-measuring coil generates an induced electromotive force. This voltage is proportional to the stirring speed and is transmitted to a tachometer, which then displays the stirring speed. 7. A cooling water jacket is installed between the magnetic coupling and the reactor lid. When the operating temperature is high, cooling water should be circulated to prevent overheating of the magnetic components and demagnetization of the magnets. 8. The bearings used are either 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel bearings or high-strength electrographite bearings, which offer excellent wear resistance and long maintenance intervals. Controller: 1. The housing is made of a standard aluminum alloy enclosure. The top cover can be pulled back for easy maintenance and inspection. The panel is equipped with a digital temperature display, a voltmeter, a tachometer, control switches, and adjustment knobs for operator convenience. 2. Electrical Principle: All electronic components of the stirring control circuit are mounted on a single circuit board. The system employs a dual-closed-loop control strategy, featuring high speed regulation accuracy, stable rotation speed, and strong anti-interference capability. It also includes comprehensive protective functions such as overspeed and overcurrent limitation. By adjusting the “speed regulation” knob, the DC voltage supplied to the DC motor can be changed, thereby regulating the motor’s speed and achieving precise control of the stirring rate. 3. The heating circuit uses a solid-state relay (commonly referred to as a voltage regulator module) to regulate voltage, simplifying the heating circuit design. Simply adjusting the “voltage regulation” knob allows for fine-tuning of the heating power. Additionally, the heating circuit’s control section is equipped with an intelligent digital display, enabling flexible adjustment of the heating temperature according to process requirements and ensuring extremely high temperature control accuracy (see the temperature meter’s user manual for details). 4. All external lead wires are routed from the rear panel through waterproof connectors to the terminal blocks inside the controller.